Ontologies Alignment

This step consists in building a new model starting from two precedent ones. In this new ontology, all classes, objects and data properties are manually aligned, so as to highlight similarities and differences. Significant individuals have been chosen to populate this new model and both declared and inferred axioms are gathered through the Protégé built-in reasoner HermiT 1.4.3.456. After the model is built and populated, competency questions can be answered through SPARQL queries.

Ontologies alignment implementation

The new model has been developed starting from the two previous ontologies: the different classes were added to the new third ontology and, when necessary, defined as "equivalent" to those classes belonging to the other ontology but with similar or identical meaning. The same was done for what concerns the object properties. Finally, this third ontology was populated with the individuals necessary to answer the competency questions (expressed through SPARQL queries).

Turtle Serialization

Graph Visualization

Download the source file

Download the source file

To visualize the interactive ontology:

  1. Go to the section "Turtle Serialization" and download the source code
  2. Access the service WebVOwl
  3. In the tab "Ontology", go to "Custom ontology" and upload the downloaded .ttl file

SPARQL Queries

For readability reasons, the PREFIX part of all these SPARQL queries has not been included in the body of the queries: most of it stays exactly the same between the queries regarding the three different ontologies, while what changes is, in fact, the specific ontology's prefix.

For Bruno Taut's Manifest queries we have these prefixes:
PREFIX mof: <https://digimof.github.io/keGropius/ontoTaut#>
PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

For Walter Gropius's Manifest queries we have these prefixes:
PREFIX mof: <https://digimof.github.io/keGropius/ontoGropius#>
PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

For the queries concerning the third ontology, we have the following prefixes:
PREFIX mof: <https://digimof.github.io/keGropius/ontoBau#>
PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

Bruno Taut

What is the main goal?

Unity (involving Art and people)

SELECT DISTINCT ?maingoal
WHERE {
?maingoal rdf:type mof:SloganGoal
}

Bruno Taut

Which are the activities whose scope is of public nature?

Building Activity

SELECT DISTINCT ?activity
WHERE {
?activity mof:aimsAt mof:PublicNature
}

Bruno Taut

Which are the institutions to be dissolved (in their present form)?

Academies (Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Architecture, Royal Prussian State Art Commission)

SELECT DISTINCT ?institutions ?type
WHERE {
?institutions mof:replacedBy mof:NewlyFormedInstitutions .
?institutions rdf:type ?type
}

Bruno Taut

What error should be replaced by freedom?

Government domination

SELECT DISTINCT ?error
WHERE {
?error mof:replacedBy mof:Freedom
}

Bruno Taut

What is responsible for education?

Museums

SELECT DISTINCT ?institution
WHERE {
?institution mof:responsibleFor mof:EducationalChange
}

Bruno Taut

What products need to be dissolved?

Monuments without artistic value and Monuments with disproportionate value

SELECT DISTINCT ?product
WHERE {
?product rdf:type mof:Monument .
mof:Dissolution mof:involves ?product
}

Bruno Taut

What should government institutions guarantee?

Promotion of art

SELECT DISTINCT ?goal
WHERE {
?goal mof:fosteredBy mof:GovernmentInstitution
}

Walter Gropius

How are ideas expressed?

Embodied as form

SELECT DISTINCT ?expression
WHERE {
?ideas rdf:type mof:Idea .
?ideas mof:embodiedIn ?expression
}

Walter Gropius

What is caused by the academia?

The isolation of the artist

SELECT DISTINCT ?effect
WHERE {
mof:Academia mof:produces ?effect .
?effect rdf:type mof:Effect
}

Walter Gropius

What is Architecture dependant upon?

The cooperation of many individuals

SELECT DISTINCT ?dependance
WHERE {
mof:ArchitectureDesign mof:dependsOn ?dependance .
?dependance rdf:type mof:Goal
}

Walter Gropius

What is the main goal of Bauhaus?

Union

SELECT DISTINCT ?mainGoal
WHERE {
mof:Bauhaus mof:aimsAt ?mainGoal .
?mainGoal rdf:type mof:MainGoal
}

Walter Gropius

What do buildings reflect?

Zeitgeist

SELECT DISTINCT ?expression
WHERE {
mof:ArchitectureDesign mof:reflects ?expression
}

Walter Gropius

How can work be split?

Creative work and Mechanic Work

SELECT DISTINCT ?subclasses
WHERE {
?subclasses rdf:subClassOf mof:Work
}

Walter Gropius

What should each person rethink in order to change society?

Work

SELECT DISTINCT ?object
WHERE {
mof:Person mof:mustRethink ?object
}

Walter Gropius

What should academies be substituted with?

Newly formed Institutions

SELECT DISTINCT ?substitutes
WHERE {
?academies rdf:type mof:Academy .
?academies mof:changedInto ?substitutes
}

Walter Gropius

What does the preliminary course at Bauhaus improve?

Creativity, originality, expressivity

SELECT DISTINCT ?quality
WHERE {
mof:Vorlehre mof:improves ?quality
}

Walter Gropius

Who is the most suitable individual for rethinking architecture?

Journeyman

SELECT DISTINCT ?person
WHERE {
?person mof:mustRethink mof:ArchitectureDesign
}

Walter Gropius

Which courses are involved in the Bauhaus?

Vorlehre, Formlehre, Werklehre

SELECT DISTINCT ?course
WHERE {
mof:Bauhaus mof:involves ?course .
?course rdf:type mof:BauhausCourse
}

Walter Gropius

What is the goal of newly formed institutions?

Cooperation

SELECT DISTINCT ?goal
WHERE {
?institution rdf:type mof:NewlyFormedInstitution .
?institution mof:aimsAt ?goal .
?goal rdf:type mof:Goal
}

Walter Gropius

What is included in the new approach in training?

Manual training and a proper vocabulary for the knowledge of theory

SELECT DISTINCT ?approach
WHERE {
?institution rdf:type mof:NewlyFormedInstitution .
?institution mof:involves ?approach .
?approach rdf:type ?methods .
?methods rdfs:subClassOf mof:NewApproach
}

Comparison

What is the main goal of newly formed institutions?

Unification: for Taut, "Art and people must form a unity", for Gropius a "unification in all training and desing" must be achieved

SELECT DISTINCT ?institution ?mainGoal
WHERE {
?institution mof:aimsAt ?mainGoal .
?institution rdf:type mof:NewlyFormedInstitution .
?mainGoal rdf:type mof:SloganGoal
}

Comparison

What different actions should be taken towards academies by different newly formed institutions?

For Taut dissolution of academies, for Gropius changing them into newly-formed institutions

SELECT DISTINCT ?action ?newlyformed
WHERE {
?academy rdf:type mof:Academy .
{?academy ?action ?newlyformed .
?newlyformed rdf:type mof:NewlyFormedInstitution}
UNION
{?academy ?action ?newlyformed .
?newlyformed rdf:type mof:NewlyFormed}
}

Comparison

What is demanded of education programmes?

For Taut the priority is the freedom from government, for Gropius major attention should be paid to personal experience

SELECT DISTINCT ?demand
WHERE {
?demand mof:involvedBy ?education .
{?education rdf:type mof:EducationalProgram}
UNION
{?education rdf:type mof:NewApproach}
}

folder_zip All the queries can be tested with these specially developed Python files